This optimistic bias is also found to be related to perception of controllability with information security threats. The extent of this optimistic bias is greater with a distant comparison target with fewer information sharing activities. We find that they demonstrate optimistic bias in risk perception on information security domain.
Using a survey, we study if MIS executives are subject to such a bias in their vulnerability perceptions of information security. We report this dissonance by addressing a cognitive bias called optimistic bias. The main motivation of our study emanates from this phenomenon that the increased vulnerability to information security breaches is coupled with the low level of managerial awareness and commitment regarding information security threats. While increasing incidents of information security breaches have generated extensive publicity, previous studies repeatedly expose low levels of managerial awareness and commitment, a key obstacle to achieving a good information security posture. 2004 Dec 6 (Suppl 3):S375–S380.Information security is a critical issue that many firms face these days.
Accuracy and optimism in smokers' beliefs about quitting. Weinstein Neil D, Slovic Paul, Gibson Ginger.Factors associated with participation, attrition, and outcome in a smoking cessation program at the workplace. Klesges RC, Brown K, Pascale RW, Murphy M, Williams E, Cigrang JA.Do cigarette smokers have unrealistic perceptions of their heart attack, cancer, and stroke risks? J Behav Med. Risk-perception: differences between adolescents and adults. Cohn LD, Macfarlane S, Yanez C, Imai WK.The Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS): development, design, and dissemination. Nelson David E, Kreps Gary L, Hesse Bradford W, Croyle Robert T, Willis Gordon, Arora Neeraj K, Rimer Barbara K, Viswanath KV, Weinstein Neil, Alden Sara.Adolescent sexual behavior, drug use, and violence: increased reporting with computer survey technology. Turner CF, Ku L, Rogers SM, Lindberg LD, Pleck JH, Sonenstein FL.What's new in nicotine & tobacco research. Exploring the limits of optimism: the case of smokers' decision making. Perceived personal immunity: the development of beliefs about susceptibility to the consequences of smoking. Perceptions of smoking risk as a function of smoking status. McCoy SB, Gibbons FX, Reis TJ, Gerrard M, Luus CA, Sufka AV.Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems: conclusions from a community-wide sample. Verbal and Numerical Expressions of Probability: "It's a Fifty-Fifty Chance". de Bruin WB, Fischhoff B, Millstein SG, Halpern-Felsher BL.General performance on a numeracy scale among highly educated samples. Perceptions of breast cancer risk and screening effectiveness in women younger than 50 years of age. Perceived risks of heart disease and cancer among cigarette smokers.
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Are age 21 and under unrealistic optimism pdf#
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (84K). Smoking cannot be interpreted as a choice made in the presence of full information about the potential harm. Substantial proportions of smokers and former smokers agree with several myths, more than half agreeing that exercise undoes most smoking effects.Ĭonclusion: Smokers underestimate their risk of lung cancer both relative to other smokers and to non-smokers and demonstrate other misunderstandings of smoking risks. Furthermore, their perceived risk of lung cancer and of cancer in general barely increases with the number of cigarettes smoked per day, and their estimates of their risk of cancer are actually slightly lower than their estimates of their risk of lung cancer. Results: Smokers underestimated their relative risk compared to non-smokers and, contrary to previous interview surveys, believed they have a lower risk of developing lung cancer than the average smoker. For key questions, separate samples of smokers were asked either about their own risk or about the risk of the average smoker. Methodology: A US national telephone survey (n = 6369 1245 current smokers) posed a variety of questions designed to examine beliefs about the risks of smoking. We avoided the measurement problems of past studies and examined responses to a number of new questions to assess different aspects of smokers' perceptions. Whereas smokers claim that they are less at risk than the average smoker on self administered questionnaires, this unrealistic optimism has not been found in telephone or face-to-face interviews. Objective: Past studies have produced ambiguous or inconsistent results when testing whether smokers actually underestimate their own risks of experiencing tobacco related illness.
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